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自然法学说是近代契约论政治哲学的理论基石。休谟认为自然法学说中的理性概念存在着逻辑、事实与道德的内在混淆。通过对契约论的质疑和解构,基于自然主义立场,休谟从利益和需要的角度解释了人类政治建构的起源与基础,为后来19世纪功利主义政治哲学的兴起提供了直接性的理论框架。休谟在契约论向功利论政治哲学的转向中扮演了极为重要的过渡性角色,但他既不是一名契约论者,也不是任何形式的功利主义者。
Jean Jacques Rousseau’s critique of the seventeenth-century natural rights
theories of Grotius, Hobbes, Locke, Pufendorf and so on, is well-known and widely
discussed in the scholarly literature.1 R...
[John Milton’s] widowe assures me that Mr Thomas Hobbes was not one of his
acquaintance: that her husband did not like him at all: but he would grant him
to be a man of great parts, and a learned ma...
Those of a Western culture tend to assume today that the true basis of marriage is
love, variously defined, and that any other ground is radically insufficient. This belief
makes it difficult to und...
Spinoza's Intermediate Ethics For Society And The Family
Spinoza's Intermediate Ethics Society
2009/12/3
Spinoza envisioned the philosophic life, which was also the consummate ethical life,
as aiming at the liberation from all forms of oppression and, particularly, internalized
oppression. He termed th...
What is the first thing one thinks when the philosopher "Descartes" is mentioned?
Too often the reply is "dualism". Descartes is universally recognized as that philosopher
who radically distinguishe...
Stephen Menn's Cartesian Augustine: Metaphysical And Ahistorically Modern
Stephen Menn Cartesian Augustine Metaphysical Ahistorically Modern
2009/12/3
Stephen Menn finds in Augustine the metaphysical foundations of Descartes'
philosophy but not because he discovers in Augustine what lies at the origins of
modernity. Menn is "anti-historicist" 1 an...
The Great Connexion: Hume's Metaphysical Logic Of Belief-Constructed Causation
Hume Metaphysical Logic
2009/12/3
It is a commonplace that Hume the philosopher1 is essentially Hume the sceptic.
Hume deploys his skeptical arguments in both epistemology and ethics.
In the epistemological context, Hume argues that...
Leibniz's Model Of Creation And His Doctrine Of Substance
Leibniz's Model Creation Substance
2009/12/3
The subject of creation has long been recognized as central to Leibniz's philosophy.1
In general, the tendency has been to understand Leibniz's view of the creation of the
universe as the actualizat...
God, The Evil Genius And Eternal Truths: The Structure Of The Understanding In The Cartesian Philosophy
God Eternal Truths Cartesian Philosophy
2009/12/3
Descartes' Meditationes de prima philosophia, perhaps the most widely read text in
philosophy,∗ comes under scrutiny in every age and from every prejudice and point of
view. Some would take it...
反思现代性——霍克海默、阿道尔诺论启蒙
阿道尔诺 霍克海默 反思现代性
2009/10/21
启蒙是西方历史上影响深远的历史事件,反思启蒙一直是西方理论界的一个重要课题。霍克海默、阿道尔诺从现代性异变角度展开对启蒙的反思与批判,揭露了启蒙向迷信,理性向非理性转化的必然性,从而证据确凿地指证启蒙理性单向度化为工具理性,是造成当代西方社会病症的罪魁祸首。从社会批判理论重建现代性角度看,霍克海默、阿道尔诺对启蒙的反思,是展开新一轮人类自我拯救之前的思想审视。在这种审视中,法兰...
绝对不可错论是怀疑主义的根基
绝对不可错论 怀疑主义 彼得·乌格
2009/8/21
乌格是当代为数不多的、公开为知识论怀疑主义辩护的著名哲学家。乌格为怀疑主义辩护的理路是：以“水平的”和“弯曲的”为例，来说明绝对术语与相对术语的不同，并把“确定性”当作绝对术语，来证明怀疑主义的正确性。乌格借绝对不可错论来为怀疑主义论证的这种方式，是怀疑主义论证的一般模式。研究乌格的怀疑主义论证，有助于我们正确揭示怀疑主义产生的根源。
从他人到“他者”——拉康与他人问题
他人 “他者” 拉康
2009/8/14
在有关他人的问题上，当代法国著名的精神分析家、哲学家雅克·拉康（Jacques Lacan，1901—1981），在批判“我思”哲学的基础上，结合精神分析独特的经验，并运用结构语言学最新研究成果，提出了一种既区别于现象学、又不同于存在论的主张绝对他性地位的“他者”理论。本文拟从自我与他人、主体与“他者”及无意识与“他者”等问题出发，探讨这一绝对的“他者”理论是如何形成的。
空想社会主义者的法治思想
空想社会主义者 法治思想 当代价值
2009/5/31
空想社会主义者在对未来社会制度的设计和构想中，从立法、执法、司法、守法和法律监督等多个角度，提出了一系列的法治思想。当前，我们国家从坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的战略高度和全局角度，强调提出，要全面落实依法治国基本方略，加快建设社会主义法治国家。从当代价值角度来考察，空想社会主义者的法治思想对加快我国法治国家的进程提供了有益的借鉴。